通过查找图像可能不满意的图像来捕获对象检测器的错误行为，这一兴趣很长。在实际应用（例如自动驾驶）中，对于表征除了简单的检测性能要求之外的潜在失败也至关重要。例如，与远处未遗漏的汽车检测相比，错过对靠近自我车辆的行人的侦查通常需要更仔细的检查。在测试时间预测这种潜在失败的问题在文献和基于检测不确定性的传统方法中被忽略了，因为它们对这种错误的细粒度表征不可知。在这项工作中，我们建议将查找“硬”图像作为基于查询的硬图像检索任务的问题进行重新制定，其中查询是“硬度”的特定定义，并提供了一种简单而直观的方法，可以解决此任务大型查询家庭。我们的方法完全是事后的，不需要地面真相注释，独立于检测器的选择，并且依赖于有效的蒙特卡洛估计，该估计使用简单的随机模型代替地面真相。我们通过实验表明，它可以成功地应用于各种查询中，它可以可靠地识别给定检测器的硬图像，而无需任何标记的数据。我们使用广泛使用的视网膜，更快的RCNN，Mask-RCNN和CASCADE MASK-RCNN对象检测器提供有关排名和分类任务的结果。

实现安全和强大的自主权是通往更广泛采用自动驾驶汽车技术的道路的关键瓶颈。这激发了超越外在指标，例如脱离接触之间的里程，并呼吁通过设计体现安全的方法。在本文中，我们解决了这一挑战的某些方面，重点是运动计划和预测问题。我们通过描述在自动驾驶堆栈中解决选定的子问题所采取的新方法的描述，在介绍五个之内采用的设计理念的过程中。这包括安全的设计计划，可解释以及可验证的预测以及对感知错误的建模，以在现实自主系统的测试管道中实现有效的SIM到现实和真实的SIM转移。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

目前已在表征包含深层的学习模式进行部署到任何安全关键方案之前系统的错误行为越来越感兴趣。然而，表征此行为，通常需要模型，可以对复杂的现实世界的任务极其耗费计算的大规模测试。例如，任务涉及计算密集型对象检测器作为其组成部分之一。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个方法，使使用简化的低高保真模拟器高效的大规模测试和不执行昂贵的深度学习模型的计算成本。我们的方法依赖于设计测试对应的任务的计算密集型部件的高效替代模型。我们通过培训PIXOR和CenterPoint的激光雷达探测器有效的替代模型，同时证明了模拟的精度保持评估在卡拉模拟器减少计算费用的自动驾驶任务的表现证明了我们方法的有效性。

精神分裂症（SZ）是一种精神障碍，由于大脑中特定化学品的分泌，一些脑区的功能失去平衡，导致思想，行动和情绪之间缺乏协调。本研究提供了通过脑电图（EEG）信号的自动化SZ诊断的各种智能深度学习（DL）方法。将得到的结果与传统智能方法的结果进行比较。为了实施拟议的方法，已经使用了波兰华沙精神病学与神经学研究所的数据集。首先，将EEG信号分成25秒的时间框架，然后通过Z分数或标准L2标准化。在分类步骤中，考虑通过EEG信号考虑两种不同的方法进行SZ诊断。在该步骤中，首先通过传统的机器学习方法进行EEG信号的分类，例如，支持向量机，K-CORMONT邻居，决策树，NA \“IVE贝叶斯，随机森林，极其随机树木和袋装。各种提出的DL模型，即长的短期存储器（LSTMS），一维卷积网络（1D-CNNS）和1D-CNN-LSTMS。在此步骤中，实现并比较了DL模型具有不同的激活功能。在提议的DL模型中，CNN-LSTM架构具有最佳性能。在这种架构中，使用具有Z分数和L2组合标准化的Relu激活功能。所提出的CNN-LSTM模型具有达到99.25％的准确度，比该领域的大多数前研究的结果更好。值得一提的是，为了执行所有模拟，已经使用了具有k = 5的k折叠交叉验证方法。

Accurate determination of a small molecule candidate (ligand) binding pose in its target protein pocket is important for computer-aided drug discovery. Typical rigid-body docking methods ignore the pocket flexibility of protein, while the more accurate pose generation using molecular dynamics is hindered by slow protein dynamics. We develop a tiered tensor transform (3T) algorithm to rapidly generate diverse protein-ligand complex conformations for both pose and affinity estimation in drug screening, requiring neither machine learning training nor lengthy dynamics computation, while maintaining both coarse-grain-like coordinated protein dynamics and atomistic-level details of the complex pocket. The 3T conformation structures we generate are closer to experimental co-crystal structures than those generated by docking software, and more importantly achieve significantly higher accuracy in active ligand classification than traditional ensemble docking using hundreds of experimental protein conformations. 3T structure transformation is decoupled from the system physics, making future usage in other computational scientific domains possible.

Adversarial imitation learning (AIL) has become a popular alternative to supervised imitation learning that reduces the distribution shift suffered by the latter. However, AIL requires effective exploration during an online reinforcement learning phase. In this work, we show that the standard, naive approach to exploration can manifest as a suboptimal local maximum if a policy learned with AIL sufficiently matches the expert distribution without fully learning the desired task. This can be particularly catastrophic for manipulation tasks, where the difference between an expert and a non-expert state-action pair is often subtle. We present Learning from Guided Play (LfGP), a framework in which we leverage expert demonstrations of multiple exploratory, auxiliary tasks in addition to a main task. The addition of these auxiliary tasks forces the agent to explore states and actions that standard AIL may learn to ignore. Additionally, this particular formulation allows for the reusability of expert data between main tasks. Our experimental results in a challenging multitask robotic manipulation domain indicate that LfGP significantly outperforms both AIL and behaviour cloning, while also being more expert sample efficient than these baselines. To explain this performance gap, we provide further analysis of a toy problem that highlights the coupling between a local maximum and poor exploration, and also visualize the differences between the learned models from AIL and LfGP.

Many problems in machine learning involve bilevel optimization (BLO), including hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning, and dataset distillation. Bilevel problems consist of two nested sub-problems, called the outer and inner problems, respectively. In practice, often at least one of these sub-problems is overparameterized. In this case, there are many ways to choose among optima that achieve equivalent objective values. Inspired by recent studies of the implicit bias induced by optimization algorithms in single-level optimization, we investigate the implicit bias of gradient-based algorithms for bilevel optimization. We delineate two standard BLO methods -- cold-start and warm-start -- and show that the converged solution or long-run behavior depends to a large degree on these and other algorithmic choices, such as the hypergradient approximation. We also show that the inner solutions obtained by warm-start BLO can encode a surprising amount of information about the outer objective, even when the outer parameters are low-dimensional. We believe that implicit bias deserves as central a role in the study of bilevel optimization as it has attained in the study of single-level neural net optimization.

The Covid-19 pandemic induced a vast increase in adolescents diagnosed with eating disorders and hospitalized due to eating disorders. This immense growth stemmed partially from the stress of the pandemic but also from increased exposure to content that promotes eating disorders via social media, which, within the last decade, has become plagued by pro-eating disorder content. This study aimed to create a deep learning model capable of determining whether a given social media post promotes eating disorders based solely on image data. Tweets from hashtags that have been documented to promote eating disorders along with tweets from unrelated hashtags were collected. After prepossessing, these images were labeled as either pro-eating disorder or not based on which Twitter hashtag they were scraped from. Several deep-learning models were trained on the scraped dataset and were evaluated based on their accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall. Ultimately, the vision transformer model was determined to be the most accurate, attaining an F1 score of 0.877 and an accuracy of 86.7% on the test set. The model, which was applied to unlabeled Twitter image data scraped from "#selfie", uncovered seasonal fluctuations in the relative abundance of pro-eating disorder content, which reached its peak in the summertime. These fluctuations correspond not only to the seasons, but also to stressors, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the Twitter image data indicated that the relative amount of pro-eating disorder content has been steadily rising over the last five years and is likely to continue increasing in the future.

We introduce a pivot for exact selective inference with randomization. Not only does our pivot lead to exact inference in Gaussian regression models, but it is also available in closed form. We reduce the problem of exact selective inference to a bivariate truncated Gaussian distribution. By doing so, we give up some power that is achieved with approximate inference in Panigrahi and Taylor (2022). Yet we always produce narrower confidence intervals than a closely related data-splitting procedure. For popular instances of Gaussian regression, this price -- in terms of power -- in exchange for exact selective inference is demonstrated in simulated experiments and in an HIV drug resistance analysis.